Upon CAR signaling, these cells mediate direct anti-tumor activity by phagocytosis of malignant cells or indirectly promote anti-cancer immune responses by various mechanisms, including secretion of inflammatory compounds (such as TNF-α), antigen presentation to T cells, promoting the activity of antigen-presenting cells, and increasing permeability of tumor microenvironment to immune cells (Chen et al., 2024; Klichinsky et al., 2020). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and neoplasm.