CD163 and neoplasm: M1 macrophages have anti-tumor activity and are characterized by the expression of CD68, 80, 86, and MHC-II, and M2 macrophages that promote tumor growth and are characterized by the expression of CD163, 204, 206, and secretion of immunosuppressive cytokines such as IL-10 and tumor growth factor-β (Hadiloo et al., 2023b; Jayasingam et al., 2019).