TNF and HIV infectious disease: During HIV infection, T-helper 1 (Th1) cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-2 and antiviral interferon (IFN)-gamma typically decrease, while T-helper 2 (Th2) cytokines, including IL-4 and IL-10, as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, increase64.