Of those classified as having GDM, 135 (48.0%) were categorised as having insulin-resistant GDM (GDM-IR), 73 (26.0%) were categorised as having insulin-insufficient GDM (GDM-IS), and two (0.7%) were categorised as having both insulin-resistant and insulin-insufficient GDM (GDM-both; ESM Fig. 1). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.