PIK3R1 and activated PI3K-delta syndrome: We gradually increased the size of the normal cohorts by processing an HD sample in parallel every time a functional assay of baseline Akt and S6 phosphorylation was performed in patients with suspicion of APDS or who carried variants in PIK3CD or PIK3R1. So far, 30 HDs processed the SD as blood extraction and 20 HDs processed the ND after blood extraction account for the normal ranges of baseline Akt and S6 phosphorylation levels.