Included studies must have compared at least one of the following measures of cellular senescence between patients with an infection and without an infection: cell cycle inhibition measured via levels of p16INK4a and/or p21CIP1, short telomere length, DNA damage via ɣH2AX, high senescence-associated β galactosidase activity, and inflammation via the detection of senescence associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Here, CDKN1A is linked to infection.