TP53 and gastric cancer: MDM2 inhibitors, including Nutlin-3, APG-115, RG7388, DS-3032, and MK-8242, suppress the p53-MDM2 interaction, stabilizing p53 and inducing apoptosis in malignancies such as gastric cancer and leukemia (Ding et al., 2013; Levine, 2022).