ATF4 and renal fibrosis: Zhao et al. (2019), for instance, conducted an in-depth analysis of the pathological implications and regulatory mechanisms of autophagy in renal fibrosis and associated kidney ailments, spanning both glomerular and tubulointerstitial compartments. Moreover, Liang et al. (2022) reported findings indicating that Qidan Dihuang decoction effectively mitigates diabetic renal injuries and fibrosis by modulating the PERK-eIF2 alpha-ATF4 pathway and promoting autophagy in DKD.