In the current study, elevated MFI of CD86 suggested M1 polarization in macrophages following the co-culture with the plasma from TAO-A patients, which was consistent with some existing studies describing the role of M1 macrophage in driving protumor inflammation of melanoma cells via TNFR-NF-κB signaling (Kainulainen et al., 2022). Here, TNFRSF1A is linked to thromboangiitis obliterans.