CD40LG and infection: The 1st generation test is based on the detection of host (person’s) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies in the blood or blood products (Parekh et al., 2018), while the 2nd and 3rd generations are based on the detection of host antibodies IgG and immunoglobulin M (IgM); the 4th and 5th generations are based on the simultaneous detection and differentiation of HIV antibodies (IgM, IgG) and HIV antigen p24 (protein 24) narrowing infection detection to as early as two weeks after exposure (Parekh et al., 2018; Bangalee et al., 2021).