BDNF and Alzheimer disease: Our results align with previous studies showing that caffeine increases BDNF expression in the hippocampus (Sallaberry et al. 2013), a brain region crucial for learning and memory (Montkowski and Holsboer 1997; Petzold et al. 2015), as well as in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s Disease (Han et al. 2013).