For example, plasma phosphorylated protein 1 and urine FXYD3 can effectively identify patients with early UTUC, facilitating rapid screening for UC.375,376 Also, the survival prognosis of UTUC patients can be predicted by proteins, such as albumin-globulin ratio (AGR) and hemoglobin levels.377 Certain proteins, such as serum iron-regulated proteins and GDF-15 levels, have been associated with the progression and invasion of UTUC.378. This evidence concerns the gene ALB and renal pelvis/ureter urothelial carcinoma.