IGF1 and cancer: Many growth factors, including EGF, IGF1 and TGFβ, can activate ERK and enhance glycolytic gene expression, glycolysis, cancer cell proliferation and/or metastasis.10,30,43 Intriguingly, SIX1 is required for or largely responsible for the growth factors-mediated enhancement of glycolytic gene expression and glycolysis, suggesting that the ERK/SIX1 axis is critical for growth factors-mediated glycolysis.