On the basis of our discovery of the B4GALNT1-HES4-SPP1-TAM/Th2 axis and considering the reported effects of SPP1 [62, 63], TAM [67] and Th2 [68] on immune escape, we also speculated the potential benefit of targeting this axis for HCC immunotherapy. Here, B4GALNT1 is linked to hepatocellular carcinoma.