Smpd3 knockout mice exhibited severe osteogenesis and developmental impairment, manifested as bone and tooth mineralization disorders, and Smpd3 significantly promoted osteogenic differentiation of periodontal ligament stem cells.20,21 In addition, our research group conducted preliminary work on primary cultures of jaw-derived BMSCs from T2DM patients. The gene discussed is SMPD3; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.