SMPD3 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Stem cells can affect the autophagy of endogenous progenitor cells, promote their survival, proliferation, and differentiation, and support the recovery of functional tissues.30 In this study, we focused on the potential value of Smpd3 in autophagic activation and considered its use as a target to further enhance the endogenous autophagy levels of BMSCs, subsequently restoring damaged BMSC function and affecting bone regeneration in T2DM patients.