Consistently, previous research has indicated that inherited proteins from macrophage membranes, such as α4β1 integrins, can actively bind to VCAM-1 on cancer cells to promote tumor-targeting, while certain surface proteins, such as CD47, can prevent undesirable macrophage-mediated phagocytosis by binding to SIRPα expressed on macrophages. This evidence concerns the gene SIRPA and neoplasm.