It was observed that the “BC@Z-M + L” treatment significantly reduced the populations of anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive M2-like TAMs (CD206+CD11b+ F4/80+), while concurrently increasing the proportion of proinflammatory M1-like TAMs (CD86+CD11b+ F4/80+), resulting in the highest M1/M2 ratio among all the groups (Fig. 8i, j and Supplementary Figs. 59, 60). Here, CD86 is linked to breast cancer.