TNF and cancer: The pathways identified included cancer, the advanced glycation end product (AGE)–receptor for advanced glycation end product (RAGE) pathway, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling, programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) pathway, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.