IL4R and cancer: An example of this includes the anti-IL-4Rα monoclonal antibody dupilimab used in conjunction with PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade, which is a strategy being investigated in other cancers (e.g. non–small cell lung cancer ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT05013450).20,36 This course of combination therapy could potentially be effective in VS, as proliferative PD-L1+ Schwann cells were also noted in the present study.