In “stressed” astrocytes, excessive HO-1 activity can lead to mitochondrial iron sequestration, macroautophagy, pathological iron deposition, and bioenergy depletion, which contribute to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), and Huntington’s disease (HD) (121). The gene discussed is HMOX1; the disease is juvenile Huntington disease.