In agreement with these findings, our study demonstrated that the clinical model had a suboptimal performance in predicting the efficiency of TKI plus anti-PD-1 treatment in HCC patients, while the ultrasomic model exhibited satisfactory efficacy in both the training cohort [n = 93; AUC = 0.999 (95% CI: 0.997-1.000)] and validation cohort [n = 41; AUC = 0.828 (95% CI: 0.690-0.966)]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and hepatocellular carcinoma.