VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: ROS-induced inflammation also contributes to endothelial dysfunction by activating NF-κB which translocated to the nucleus and activates its target genes involved in endothelial dysfunction, such as cell adhesion molecules (VCAM-1 and ICAM-1) and inflammatory mediators like IL-6 and TNF-α Moreover, ROS-induced mitochondrial dysfunction of endothelial cells is an important mechanism.