TNF and breast cancer: These cells also release various cellular mediators, including cytokines (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TGF-β), as well we as expressing various chemokines (e.g., CXCL-12, CCL8, and CXCL-9), and other molecules like PEG2, IDO, COX-2, VEGF, MMPs, iNOS, and ARG-1, which collectively favor BC development, angiogenesis, growth, metastasis, drug resistance and immune response escape [10, 12, 15–17].