The reduction in inflammatory cell death by HM EVs may support immune barrier function, allowing the macrophages to be retained, and to release Gasdermin D fragments thereby exerting cytotoxic effects on bacteria.15 Gasdermin D release from immune and intestinal epithelial cells has been shown to limit bacterial loads, specifically in the context of Salmonella infection.84 It could also stimulate goblet cells to secrete mucus, thus maintaining gut homeostasis.85 The gene discussed is GSDMD; the disease is Salmonella Infections.