TNF and Alzheimer disease: Several studies have demonstrated the presence of various inflammatory markers in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease, including elevated levels of inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), as well as chemokines such as such as IL-8 (interleukin-8), along with the accumulation of activated microglia in the affected regions, particularly the hippocampus, cerebral cortex, amygdala, and basal forebrain, which are critical for memory and cognitive functions.