TNF and neoplasm: It also induced a higher percentage of CD8+ T cells in tumors (2.38% vs 0.56%) and increased effector cytokine secretion (IFN‐γ: 47.3 vs 6.7 pg mL−1; IL‐2: 27.8 vs 11.2 pg mL−1; TNF‐α: 181.0 vs 11.9 pg mL−1) while reducing Treg levels (0.04% vs 0.20%) compared to PBS, significantly modulating tumor immunity.