TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: This finding holds significance because Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling plays a crucial role in the maturation of M1 macrophages, which are responsible for the secretion of pro-inflammatory molecules such as TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, IL-12, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), as well as chemoattractants like monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and RANTES, in the inflamed adipose tissue during the development of type 2 diabetes [6].