INS and metabolic disease: This metabolic shift, coupled with insulin resistance, leads to fat accumulations in the liver and skeletal muscles, among several other phenotypic changes.15 Moreover, dysregulations of mitochondrial ROS production have been associated with obesity and type 2 diabetes.16,17 Increased production of ROS impairs insulin signaling and causes oxidative damage to mitochondrial DNA and proteins, amplifying mitochondrial dysfunction and increasing risks of metabolic diseases.