IFNB1 and susceptibility to pneumonia measurement: In this study, we screened for c-aAb targeting IFNα, IFNβ, IFNγ, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-10, and GM-CSF in the Surviving Pneumonia Study cohort, comprising 665 patients with CAP caused by COVID-19, influenza virus, bacteria, or unknown pathogen.