TAMs produce various pro-angiogenic molecules that exert an important role in the development of bladder cancer, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), thymidine phosphorylase (TP), TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-1, IL-8, NO, and chemokines such as CCL2 and CXCL8 (30). The gene discussed is VEGFA; the disease is urinary bladder cancer.