This is especially important now that (i) the FDA approved islet transplantation as a cell transplant therapy for the treatment of T1D (129) and (ii) stem cell therapies, which can provide renewable sources of insulin producing cells and promote the applicability of transplant therapy on a much wider scale, are beginning to show promise in T1D and have reached the clinical development phase (130–133). Here, INS is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.