Current studies have shown that AKK-OMVs can regulate mucosal immunity by inducing IgA responses, increasing colon goblet cell numbers, promoting mucin secretion, up-regulating tight junction protein expression, reducing colon epithelial damage, and modulating cytokine levels by increasing anti-inflammatory and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines to maintain intestinal homeostasis and relieve colitis (Toyofuku et al., 2023). This evidence concerns the gene MUC5AC and colitis.