TGFB1 and lung carcinoma: Examining the top differentially expressed genes (DEGs) defining this cluster, MALAT1 emerged as a key regulator of lung cancer metastasis48,while PTK2 was identified as a promoter of metastasis through its role in regulating tumor cell motility and invasion49.Additionally, NEAT1 was linked to tumor cell metabolism50,and PVT1 was found to function as an oncogene involved in the TGF-β signaling pathway51.