TGFB1 and cancer: During cancer progression, TGFβ signaling pathway plays an important role in orchestrating EMT, facilitating the generation of stem cells, development of resistance to anti-cancer drugs, induction of genomic instability, and establishment of localized immunosuppression (Katsuno et al. 2013; Moses et al. 2016; Katsuno and Derynck 2021).