INS and Hyperglycemia: In type I diabetes, abnormal TGFβ signaling disrupts the cues for islet stem cell differentiation, high levels of TGFβ inhibit the differentiation of islet stem cells into functional β-cells by modulating crucial transcription factors and signaling molecules, impairing the body's ability to regenerate insulin-producing cells and contributing to the persistence of hyperglycemia (Lee et al. 2021).