In Table 1, we summarize the studies that demonstrate the significant involvement of TGFβ superfamily signaling in the maintenance and differentiation of various cancer stem cells, offering promising clinical applications for targeting TGFβ family signaling to effectively impede cancer progression (Aigner and Bogdahn 2008; Watabe and Miyazono 2009; Caja et al. 2012; Sakaki-Yumoto et al. 2013a, b; Caja et al. 2015). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and cancer.