INS and Nephropathy: In nondiabetic states, skeletal muscle can regulate its intracellular glucose concentration; however, in T1D patients, repeated hyperinsulinaemia from recurrent peripheral insulin injections leads to substantially increased glucose flux into muscles, ultimately resulting in repeated intracellular hyperglycaemia [2, 28].Increased expression of STING has been reported in various diabetic organs, including nephropathy [15], cardiomyopathy [8], wound [29], and retinopathy [30].