To date, numerous studies have been undertaken globally to evaluate the effects of various intervention strategies on prediabetes, with non-pharmacologic (lifestyle adjustment) as well as pharmacologic methods (magnesium supplements, lipase inhibitor, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, fenofibrate, alpha-glucosidase inhibitors, insulin sensitizer and traditional Chinese medicine) considered to have good potential for application (11, 17–21, 42). Here, GAA is linked to prediabetes syndrome.