αS is the main protein component of LBs, the pathological hallmark of PD (Spillantini et al., 1997), LBs have been known to stain with anti-ubiquitin antibodies since the late 1980s, well before αS was identified as the major protein component (Baba et al., 1998; Kuzuhara et al., 1988; Lennox et al., 1989; Spillantini et al., 1997). The gene discussed is UBA52; the disease is Parkinson disease.