Table 1 shows the significant signaling pathways involved in TME-mediated cancer metastasis. For instance, TGF-β acts as a double-edged sword, suppressing early tumor development but paradoxically enhancing metastatic potential in advanced stages by inducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT endows epithelial cells with mesenchymal properties, including enhanced migratory capacity, invasiveness, and resistance to apoptosis, thereby facilitating metastasis (Hao et al., 2019) (Figure 2). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.