IRS2 and Insulin resistance: For example, in vivo administration of the probiotic Lactobacillus casei CCFM419 has been shown to ameliorate insulin resistance by upregulating phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS2), AMPK, AKT serine/threonine kinase 2 (Akt2) and glycogen synthesis in the liver [76,77].