The single trial in individuals with T2D (n = 44) by Houjeghani et al. [23] measured three inflammation markers, and found that carnosine significantly reduced serum concentrations of TNF-α, but not IL-1β or IL-6, following 1 g/day carnosine (capsule) for 12 weeks (compared with 2 g/day for 14 weeks in the present study). The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.