IL13 and infection: In influenza infection models, increased accumulation of dysfunctional neutrophils with impaired bacterial clearance and tissue damage, virus-induced type 1 Interferon signaling, interleukin-13-mediated type 2 innate lymphoid cell protective effects, and infection-related modulation of type 17 immunity, were all suggested to play a role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses in secondary bacterial infections [10].