Somatic mutations in HNF-1α have been found in the cancerous tissues of 1~2% of HCC patients [278], and are highly related to cell stemness and liver malignancies [279], indicating that the HCV NS5A-regulated CMA-mediated HNF-1α could participate in the pathogenesis of HCV-associated HCC. This evidence concerns the gene HNF1A and hepatocellular carcinoma.