CPN1 and infection: Previous studies have shown that infection with HP, Cpn and CMV could be associated with the inflammatory component of atherosclerosis in coronary arteries, and have shown presence of infectious agents in atherosclerotic plaques, but also in non-atherosclerotic segments of coronary and other arteries, used as grafts in cardiovascular surgery, implying a possible relationship of infection and pre-atherosclerotic changes in arteries, such as endothelial dysfunction.