TNF and cancer: Other research has revealed that administering PSP extracts can inhibit the proliferation of diverse cancer cells through the activation of immune cells by increasing the expression of cytokines and chemokines, like tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukins IL-1β and IL-6, histamine, and prostaglandin E, increasing the infiltration of T and dendritic cells into tumors, and improving the quality of life of patients who suffer adverse effects of chemotherapy [38].