TNF and parasitic infectious disease: Thus, the reduction in TNF-α and IL-6 found in the heart tissue and TNF-α in the intestine can be attributed to two mechanisms: (1) the reduction in parasitemia and amastigote nests caused by the treatment with ZnO:9Ag or ZnO:11Ag being associated with a reduction in trans-sialidase; a reduction in stimuli for the production of these cytokines; and consequently lower levels in the heart tissue and (2) immunomodulation induced by the characteristics of the nanomaterials.