TNF and rheumatoid arthritis: To evaluate the pro-apoptotic effect of berberine in RA-FLS cells, different berberine concentrations of high, medium, and low administration groups were formulated using a basal medium containing 10 ng/mL TNF-α at 25 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM concentrations, respectively, and incubated in an incubator for 24 h.