HMGB1 and neurodegenerative disease: Furthermore, GA demonstrates antioxidant properties in models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington’s disease, by downregulating the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB pathway, reducing markers of oxidative stress such as MDA, and increasing antioxidant defenses such as GSH and SOD, underscoring GA’s broad neuroprotective potential [29].