TGFB1 and chronic kidney disease: Research findings have elucidated the pivotal role of HIPK2 in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease, concurrently modulating key signaling pathways, including NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad3, p53, Wnt/β-catenin, and Notch, all integral to the regulation of fibrosis and inflammation [2,3,4,5,6].