TNF and infection: Alternative granulomatous diseases that should be excluded include infections (particularly tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacterial infections, and histoplasmosis), chronic berylliosis, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, granulomatous talcosis, drug-induced granulomatosis (especially due to the administration of TNF-α antagonists, immune checkpoint inhibitors, targeted therapies, and interferons), immunodeficiency, genetic disorders (Blau syndrome), Crohn’s disease, granulomatosis with polyangiitis, eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, and malignancy-associated granulomatosis.