GPBAR1 and liver cancer: In addition, primary bile acids produced in the liver, which are metabolized by gut bacteria such as Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Bacteroides intestinalis [20], or Clodstrium absonum [73], have been implicated in the development of liver cancer through activation of the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor 1 (GPBAR1) and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), leading to alterations in lipid and glucose metabolisms, inflammation, and cell proliferation [22].