TNF and COVID-19: A study by Sharov et al. found that HIV and COVID-19 together exacerbate immune system degradation, with PLWH not undergoing ART having lower serum concentrations of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, which they concluded indicates a weakened immune response and can exacerbate COVID-19 symptoms, leading to more severe disease in PLWH not undergoing ART [60].