TNF and retinal ischemia: Retinal ischemia stimulates angiogenesis, as it disrupts the balance between pro-angiogenic (including hepatocyte growth factor, VEGF, insulin-like growth factor, TNF, and IL 6) and anti-angiogenic factors (such as thrombospondin, somatostatin, pigment epithelium-derived factors, or transforming growth factor-beta) [51].